Still more on the Lakota 'adverb's' nature ...

... So, once more the careful assumption that - not unlike in the relationship between verbs - nouns, and nouns - adjectives - there isn't any fundamental difference of word class between verbs and adverbs either ...

This said, there is still another peculiarity with Lakota 'adverbs' giving rise to a statement like this:

There are many parts of speech not only ranged in the Procrustean bed of Latin-based grammatical nomenclature as 'adverbs' but even seemingly appearing in some way different from 'normal' verbs by their outer shape, e.g.

tanyan adv. - 'well' as in "tanyan yahi yelo!" - Welcome! (lit.: you have arrived here well) or in "He tanyan eċunpi" - It/that is done well.

But also: matanyan, untanyan pi, hena tanyan pi - I am well, we are well, they are well (!)

hehanyela adv. - so far (of space), so long (of time), only so far, as in "Hehanyela woglake." - He talked only so far, or "Ho le wiċowoyake kin hehanyela oyaka pelo." - Yes, this narrative was told only so far.

But also: "Henihanyela pi." - You - all - were only so far. (!)

lecala adv. - lately, a little while ago, soon perhaps

But also: "Malecala." - I am of recent times. (!)

henala adv. - only so many/so much, none, all gone

But also: "Henamala." - Mine are all gone/I have none. Or: "Henakicila." - All were gone for him, i.e. used up. (!)

(Hopefully, soon to be continued)

'Departing & Coming Home'

(Hopefully, soon to be continued)